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Abstract
Substance use disorders (“SUDs”) are complex biopsychosocial conditions influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Yet Canada’s historical response has relied heavily on punitive legal measures that criminalize individuals rather than addressing the root causes of addiction. This paper critically examines how criminalization perpetuates cycles of recidivism and social inequities for individuals with SUDs, particularly within British Columbia. Through case studies and policy analysis—including the Insite decision, Bill C-5, and BC’s Decriminalization Pilot Program—this paper demonstrates how harm reduction strategies represent a shift toward a public health-oriented model grounded in evidence-based and rights-focused approaches. While significant progress has been made toward decriminalization and public health reform, persistent barriers remain. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for continued legislative reform and sustained advocacy from community organizations to ensure that individuals with SUDs are treated through health and social policy rather than the criminal justice system.
Author Biography
